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Introduction to C# Nullable

Syntax:

There is also a short cut to this syntax which involves? operator along with data type as mentioned below:

data_type? variable_name = null;

The above syntax represents the nullable data type in C#. The ? mark symbol represents the nullable type. Data type represents the variable’s data type, where variable_name represents the name of the variable, and a null value is assigned to it.

Characteristics of Nullable Type in C#

The values of the nullable type cannot be accessed directly. GetValueOrDefault() method is used to extract the assigned value if it is not assigned to null, and if it is null, the default value is returned, which is zero.

A null value can be assigned to a variable using a nullable type without needing to create a nullable type based on the reference type.

Values can be assigned to nullable types.

Nullable HasValue and Nullable can be used to check the value. If a value is assigned to an object, true is returned, and false is returned if null is assigned to the object. If there is no value assigned to the object, a compile-time error is raised.

== and ! operators can be used with nullable types.

If null is assigned to the nullable type, GetValueOrDefault(T) method gives the assigned value or the default value that is given as default.

Null-coalescing operator (??) can also be used to assign a value to the value of the nullable type.

Nested Nullable types are not supported by Nullable type.

A nullable type does not support var type. The compiler gives Compile-time error if nullable is used with var.

Advantages of Nullable Type in C#

Nullable type is used in database applications. If a column in a database requires null values, a nullable type can be used to assign null values to the column.

Undefined values can be represented using nullable types.

A null value can be stored using a nullable type rather than using a reference type.

Nullable Helper Class

The value of null is lesser than any value; hence comparison operators cannot be used with null, so we use nullable static class. It is considered as a helper class for Nullable types. The nullable static class provides GetUnderlyingType method. The type argument of the nullable types is returned by this method.

Working of Nullable Type in C#

Primitive data types are value types, for example, numbers. Value types are stored in the stack and initialized to their default values implicitly by the .NET framework, even if they are not explicitly initialized at the time they are defined. For example, an integer value is initialized to zero by default; a Boolean value is initialized to false by default and so on. Likewise, all of the value types represent default values. None of them can represent null values that are of great prominence in database applications and that representing null is important in such applications. Any value chosen to represent the null value may not fall in the range of values permitted for the value’s data type. For example, if we choose -1 to represent null for a value type, -1 may not be the permitted value for that data type. One should also make sure if a certain value is chosen to represent the null value in an application, that value must not be used elsewhere for any other purposes across the applications. To overcome this issue, the nullable type was provided by C# 2.0. The structure of the System. Nullable is as follows, which can be used to define nullable types:

Code:

namespace System { public struct Nullable : System.IComparable, System.INullableValue { public Nullable(T value); public static explicit operator T(T? value); public static implicit operator T?(T value); public T Value { get; } public bool HasValue { get; } public T GetValueOrDefault(); } }

Here T stands for value type, and the structure accepts one parameter. Any value can be defined as a nullable type by using the syntax.

Examples of C# Nullable

Following are the example are given below for C# Nullable.

Example #1

C# program to illustrate nullable types when no value is assigned to the variables

Code:

using System; public class Geeks { public static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(a.GetValueOrDefault()); int? b = null; Console.WriteLine(b.GetValueOrDefault()); int? a1 = 200; Console.WriteLine(a1.GetValueOrDefault()); Console.WriteLine(b1.GetValueOrDefault()); } }

The output of the above code is shown in the snapshot below:

Output:

Example #2

Code:

using System; public class GFG { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine(m.HasValue); Console.WriteLine(n.HasValue); } }

The output of the above code is shown in the snapshot below:

Output:

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we understand the concept of nullable type in C# through definition and then understand the working of nullable type in C#. Then we understand different C# programs using nullable type and their working with their output snapshots included with the programs’ results.